Languages: English

Generates oxidation and reduction half-reactions using oxidation numbers and rules from the previous program. Electrons are balanced and the two half-reactions added to obtain the balanced overall reaction.

Explains how electrical energy is harnessed from redox reactions. Studies simple voltaic cells and explains their function. Discusses commercial cells in terms of their usefulness and limitations, electrochemical corrosion and cathodic protection.

Discusses reasons for a standard half-cell potential and explains the electric potentials on the reduction half-reaction table. This table is used to predict net voltages from redox reactions, and if the reaction is spontaneous or non-spontaneous.

Illustrates multi-step energetics problems with various real-life situations. Stresses the steps that should be applied in problem solving: identify changes; relate known to unknown; calculate the answer; and check the answer.

Examining commercial primary cells show: electrolyte composition; oxidation and reduction half-reactions; and anode and cathode. Experiments on primary cells arranged in a series show that the total voltage is the sum of the cells in the series.

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are examples of potential energy changes calculated using Hess’s Law. The molar enthalpy of combustion of hydrocarbons is calculated and compared to the molar enthalpy of respiration.

Explores the similarities and differences of voltaic and electrolytic cells. The same steps to predict voltaic cell reactions can be used to predict non-spontaneous electrolytic reactions. Discusses industrial applications of electrolysis.

This program focuses on energy efficiency. Students compare the efficiency of different water heater designs using controlled and responding variables, and the molar enthalpies of different fuels.

Secondary cells are defined and compared to primary cells. Equations that show the rechargeable aspect of secondary cells are explained using a lead storage battery. Discusses the uses and advantages of fuel cells.

Compares the energy of a phase change, chemical change and nuclear change. Explains the conversion of mass to energy using Einstein’s equation, E =mc². Explains the concepts of radiation, fission and fusion.