Grade levels: Adult

Various real-life contexts are used to present the different calculations involving Ka, Kb, pH, pOH, hydronium ion, hydroxide ion, and the percentage of a reaction. Shows the relationship between Kw, Ka and Kb.

Shows how the Brønsted-Lowry Theory explains the limitations of Arrhenius’ Theory. Demonstrates the five-step method for writing Brønsted-Lowry equations using the acid-base table from the data booklet.

Reactions involving polyprotic and anions of polyprotic acids can be predicated by adding the proton transfer equations together. Students test and evaluate these predictions through laboratory activities.

Various types of pH curves are generated using a pH probe and a computer interface, comparisons of the different curves are made, and information obtained from the curves discussed.

Demonstrates universal indicators and universal indicator strips. Students are challenged to design an experiment that determines the relative pH of several solutions using only indicators.

Determines an unknown acid concentration through the selection of proper indicators, the standardizing of the titrant, the titration of the unknown acid, and the analysis.

The two reactions involved in the production of methanol form the basis for a review of the factors which favour methanol production. Provides an example of a calculation using a quadratic equation to solve for equilibrium concentrations.

Empirical definitions of acidic, basic and neutral solutions are derived by performing diagnostic tests. Students examine real-life applications of acids and bases, and an analogy is used to present the historical development of acid-base theories.

Studies evidence for the shifting of equilibrium in pure water when acids or bases are added. Examines the inverse relationship between hydrogen and hydroxide ions in all solutions, and sample calculations are worked out with Kw.

Generates oxidation and reduction half-reactions using oxidation numbers and rules from the previous program. Electrons are balanced and the two half-reactions added to obtain the balanced overall reaction.